Teaching Comparative Government and Politics

Wednesday, September 09, 2015

A reminder about complexity

It's often easy to let all the big generalizations to overwhelm important details.

This is also a good reminder of the important work that some NGOs do. It's probably worth noting that climate change (drying of the near desert regions) contributes to the migration of cattle herders to the south.

The Other Conflict That Is Costing Nigeria Billions

When people think of violence in Nigeria, they usually think of Boko Haram, the militant group that terrorizes parts of the country's northeast. But there's another long-running conflict in Africa's largest country: the one between farmers and herders in Nigeria's central region, known as the Middle Belt. There, disputes over land have claimed more than 6,500 lives since 2010…

[C]onflicts between farmers and herders have also escalated, as bigger herds of cattle have encroached on greater parcels of farmland. Religious and ethnic differences tend to exacerbate the disputes over land use and water rights. Herders from the north of Nigeria tend to be Muslim, while farming communities in the south are generally Christian. The Middle Belt is where they overlap, and is comprised chiefly of eight states stretching across the middle of Africa's most populous nation.

"Land ownership is very unclear in the Middle Belt," explained Lisa Inks, director of conflict management programs in Nigeria for Mercy Corps, a nonprofit global humanitarian organization. "One scenario for

violence is that a herder grazing his cattle destroys part of a farmer's crops, and then the farmer might shoot some cattle, and the herders could retaliate against the farmer's village. This could take the form of night raids or burning down houses."

Many of these conflicts start out in isolation but spread across communities, Inks said, affecting those not directly involved. "After an attack in the area, people change their habits, they may stop going to market, or stop sending their kids to school because they're afraid of another attack."

To help put an end to this cycle of violence, Mercy Corps has been piloting a new model of economic cooperation in the Middle Belt, aimed at helping farmers and herders resolve their land disputes peacefully and identify new markets they can tap into together…

Community leaders from disparate groups of herders and farmers are trained by Mercy Corps in a special kind of conflict resolution, called interest-based negotiation. Then, the leaders of those groups agree to come together to identify new economic initiatives they can pursue jointly that will benefit both farming and the herding communities.

So far, [the program] has provided training and seed money for a nearly a dozen such economic projects in Nigeria, ranging from a joint honey producing enterprise, to a processing plant for cassava root, to a cooperative that manufactures fuel briquettes out of farm waste. Alongside the brick-and-mortar endeavors, the… negotiation program operates in more than 50 communities in Nigeria's Middle Belt, funded by a three-year grant from the British equivalent of USAID, the UK Department for International Development…

Determining the success of conflict resolution programs is difficult, because the relationships between different communities of herders and farmers are fluid. But in the past two years, community leaders trained by Mercy Corps have resolved 272 disputes over land, water and resources in central Nigeria, each of which could have escalated into major inter-community violence…

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